The Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Virginia was a boarding school for African Americans founded 10 years prior by Samuel Chapman Armstrong, the son of missionaries in Hawai’i. Armstrong sought to “civilize” African Americans through strict discipline, militarism, Christianization, and the development of skilled labor for servitude. Armstrong had reached out to “reform and educate” the Nimiipuu (Nez Perce) who were imprisoned at Fort Leavenworth, but to no avail. When Pratt reaches out to educate Indian prisoners from St. Augustine, Armstrong accepts them into the institute. Both Pratt and Armstrong share strong beliefs in deculturating Indian populations, and their work together helps set the foundation for the launch of Indian residential boarding schools in the U.S. (Lomawaima & Ostler, 2018).